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Take a circle. You can divide the circumference into sections which are called sectors (well in geometry there is a name for that). And these sections compare to what sectors are to a race track. How they define a sector on a race track? Dont know, but what I know is that start finish line, you drive tilll you get to a point on the track where there is a while like perhaps about a third into the track. That is a sector. Next sector starts after that till u c the next line. Then after that it is the start-finish line.
The sectors are defined by where the timing loops are around the circuit. So if David Coulthard talks about the first sector, he means the corners and straights between the start/finish line and the first timing loop.
There are 3 sectors essentially,
1: between start/finish and a point.
2: between the last point and a fixed next point
3: between the fixed point and the start/finish
So drivers will have a 1st sector time, a 2nd sector time, and a lap time.
The 3 sectors are allocated by the circuit operators, there is no set distance or time between sectors.