https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/59631665
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix: 'Max Verstappen's win decided by a questionable call'
By Andrew Benson
Chief F1 writer
Last updated on12 December
The questions over the rules
What followed was unprecedented.
Race director Michael Masi initially said lapped cars would not be allowed to overtake, which would have left five cars between Hamilton and Verstappen for the one lap of racing that it looked like would be left.
That's against normal protocol, so Red Bull complained.
Masi changed his mind and let those five cars overtake - but not the other three. This put Verstappen and Hamilton together but left two lapped cars between third-placed Carlos Sainz's Ferrari and Verstappen and one between Valtteri Bottas' Mercedes and Yuki Tsunoda's Alpha Tauri.
This is also against normal protocol. So Mercedes complained, to no avail.
The race was restarted with one lap to go and the inevitable happened. Verstappen, with so much extra grip, passed Hamilton into Turn Five. Hamilton tried to get him back down the two subsequent straights, but was never likely to.
The world championship had changed hands - as a result of a questionable call from the race director.
George Russell, a Mercedes driver next year, said: "Max is an absolutely fantastic driver who has had an incredible season and I have nothing but huge respect for him, but what just happened is absolutely unacceptable. I cannot believe what we've just seen."
Verstappen obviously expressed the opposing view. "Everything [on track] was clear," he said, "so why would you do another lap behind the safety car?"
Disinterested observers - drivers and team members - were baffled. What happened is not the way things are normally dealt with, and one driver told BBC Sport he believed that had this been any other race, it would simply have ended behind the safety car.
The problem is the rule that deals with allowing lapped cars to overtake leaves room for manoeuvre. It says: "If the clerk of the course considers it safe to do so, and the message 'lapped cars may now overtake' has been sent to all competitors, any cars that have been lapped by the leader will be required to pass the cars on the lead lap and the safety car."
But that message was not displayed, a different one was, ordering only some cars through, and this eventuality is not in the regulations.
However, Masi had acted contrary to another part of the same article, 48.12 of the sporting regulations.
This says: "Once the last lapped car has passed the leader, the safety car will return to the pits at the end of the following lap."
But that's not what happened - the following lap was the last lap, and the cars were released to race at the start of it, when the rules appear to say they should not have been.
There's another rule that says the race director shall have "overriding authority" on a number of matters, including the safety car.
The stewards used this as part of their justification for throwing out Mercedes' appeal after the race. But does the rule mean Masi can decide to do whatever he wants in such situations, or that he has the ultimate authority in the correct application of the rules?
The stewards' other argument for rejecting the protest was that article 48.13 - the very next clause - overrules 48.12 because it says: "Once the message 'safety car in this lap' has been displayed, it is mandatory to withdraw the safety car at the end of that lap."
This seems to suggest the FIA's own rules regarding the safety car contradict themselves.